The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. įunding: Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under award number R01AI025825 ( ), and by NIH Training Grants 4T32OD010437-15 and 1F32DE026679-01. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data files are available in the Colorado State University Library's public digital repository. Received: JAccepted: SeptemPublished: September 21, 2017Ĭopyright: © 2017 Miller et al. Gerardo García-Lerma, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, UNITED STATES Based upon these findings, we propose a model of oral FIV pathogenesis and suggest alternative diagnostic modalities and translational approaches to study oral HIV infection.Ĭitation: Miller C, Boegler K, Carver S, MacMillan M, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, VandeWoude S (2017) Pathogenesis of oral FIV infection. Failure to induce a virus-specific oral mucosal antibody response, and/or viral capability to overcome inhibitory components in saliva may perpetuate chronic oral cavity infection. Collectively, these results suggest that oral lymphoid tissues serve as a site for enhanced FIV replication, resulting in accumulation of FIV particles and FIV-infected cells in saliva. Our results demonstrate that: (i) saliva of FIV-infected cats contains infectious virus particles, FIV viral RNA at levels equivalent to circulation, and lower but significant amounts of FIV proviral DNA (ii) the ratio of FIV RNA to DNA is significantly higher in saliva than in circulation (iii) FIV viral load in oral lymphoid tissues (tonsil, lymph nodes) is significantly higher than mucosal tissues (buccal mucosa, salivary gland, tongue) (iv) salivary IgG antibodies increase significantly over time in FIV-infected cats, while salivary IgA levels remain static and, (v) saliva from naïve Specific Pathogen Free cats inhibits FIV growth in vitro. We therefore characterized FIV salivary viral kinetics and antibody secretions to more fully document oral viral pathogenesis. Modern quantitative analyses applied to natural FIV oral infection could significantly further our understanding of lentiviral oral disease and transmission. While it is accepted that FIV is primarily transmitted by biting, few studies have evaluated FIV oral infection kinetics and transmission mechanisms over the last 20 years. While HIV is typically transmitted via parenteral transmucosal contact, recent studies prove that oral transmission can occur, and that saliva from infected individuals contains significant amounts of HIV RNA and DNA. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is the feline analogue of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and features many hallmarks of HIV infection and pathogenesis, including the development of concurrent oral lesions.
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